Risks In Bandra Worli Sea Link Project

Risks In Bandra Worli Sea Link Project The Movement of Vehicles in Mumbai city and the Bandra-Worli Sea link project are like disease and anti dote. It is the perfect solution for the sites endless Movement of Vehicles issue. The native rail network provides better tracks, AC coaches and transports million of travellers. The non-rail components have new roads, over bridges, subways, and signal system. The Bandra-Worli Sea Link will only add to the existing issues. Mumbai city is among the five most polluted cities of the world. The Municipal report insists that to reduce the air pollution in Mumbai city it is essential to promote public transport viz. Rail network and Bus service. Many projects were suggested since 50s for smooth Movement of Vehicles in Mumbai city. The project in question was opposed, strongly by fisher men and other alert natives constantly. However the CRRI mentioned that these corridors should be implemented only after detailed native research and the Execution of these projects should be started only after the research say it is ok to go ahead. MUMBAI URBAN TRANSPORT PROJECT-I was planned around 1984. There was a heated brain storming session in the Assembly and the Maharashtra Govt. appointed a high level team called the K. G. Paranjape Team to give a list in priority of solutions to Mumbai citys Movement of Vehicles issues. The Team submitted its consolidated Report which had certain projects listed in a priority list. Kirloskar Consultants and the Operation Research Group made a thorough research of Movement of Vehicles conditions and submitted their reports in July 1994. This report has rejected the Bandra-Worli Sea Link Project and the West Island Freeway saying that it will attract more and more Movement of Vehicles towards South Mumbai city and the congestion will only get worse in many areas. The report has warned that if the Bandra-Worli Sea Link Project is implemented it will lead to more congestion and as a consequence more pollution and therefore affecting the health of Mumbai citys natives. The V.M. Lal Team has also suggested restricting automobile Movement of Vehicles entering the island Site at Sion and Mahim. As per the newspapers it is clear that the Bandra-Worli Sea Link Project has no scientific basis. It is disastrous to let the personalised vehicles occupy more space and roads, as it will be harmful to everyone including the users of private vehicle. Constitutional Legitimacy of the Bandra-Worli Sea Link Project The project is supposed to be based on a research made by the Central Water and Power Research Institute, Pune. The research is based on a hydraulic model and not on the actual sea is studied. It is imperative to note that the Indian Ecological Protection Act came into effect in 1986 and the CRZ Notice in February 1991. In 1994 the Notice which made it compulsory to make an Ecological Effect Analysis came into force and in the Notice requiring a public hearing also came into force. Obviously these legal requirements were not fulfilled. The Ecological Clearance cannot be given without doing prior research and observing all the steps of procedure. Even then on 7th January, 199 the clearance was given. The important clauses of this clearance were also violated. This attitude shows that there is no respect for Constitutional clauses. In addition to this the site location of the proposed toll plaza has been changed after obtaining Ecological clearance. Illegality of the Project Rules for Ecological Compliance in India Almost every Progressive activity has some negative Effect on the nature. The Effect, however, differs according to the nature of activity. Thus, whereas setting up an industrial unit can have serious Effect on the water and air quality besides affecting the flora and fauna of the area, a highway project can dramatically push up the noise and pollution level of the surrounding areas. It is with the purpose of containing the potential negative Effects of a development projects that the Nature Effect Analysis is done. Thus, it can be stated that Ecological Effect Analysis is one of the tools available to planners to minimize and contain harmful effects of the development activity on the nature. The objective is to foresee and address potential Ecological issues/concerns at an early stage of project planning and layout. This is a decision-making tool to ensure that finite natural resources are utilised within the carrying capacity of the eco-system to avoid its collapse. It is desirable to ensure that the development options under consideration are sustainable. In doing so, Ecological consequences must be characterized early in the project cycle and accounted for in the project layout. It integrates the Ecological concerns in Progressive activities right at the time of initiating the project when preparing the feasibility report; It can often prevent future liabilities or expensive alterations in project layout. Prior to January 1994, in India was carried out under administrative leadlines which required the project proponents of major irrigation projects, water body valley project, power stations, ports and harbours etc., to secure a clearance from the Ministry of Nature and Forest, Govt. if India. The Ecological appraised team of the Ministry carried out the Ecological appraised. In January 1994, the Govt. of India notified the Nature Effect Notice under rule 5 of Nature Protection) Rule, 1986 and 29 designated projects. The Notice made it obligatory for the 29 designated projects to prepare and submit an, and Nature Management Plan (EMP) and a Project Report to an Effect Analysis Agency for clearance. The Ministry of Nature and Forests, Govt. of Indian was designated the Effect Analysis Agency. What went wrong with Project Location? The site selection is always an effective approach in mitigation of risk. Sea link project locations should be reviewed based upon various regulatory and non regulatory criteria. Project siting restrictions depend on the reception of the surrounding nature. Sensitivity should be assessed in relation to proximity of the project to the sites/sites listed in the identified ecologically sensitive zones (ESZ) notified by MoEF. The siting criteria delineated by MoEF include: As far as possible, land retained for agricultural purposes should not be converted into an industrial site. Acquired land must have a green belt area as per regulatory norms. Sufficient space and arrangements must be made for storing and disposing solid waste. The design of the project must confirm to the landscape pattern of the area without unduly affecting the scenic beauties of that site. Respective town of the project, if any, to be created must provide for space for a barrier between the project and the township. Mitigation Measures and Ecological Effect Analysis Report Once substitutes have been examined, a mitigation plan should be drawn up for the selected option and be supplemented with an Ecological Management Plan (EMP) to lead the proponent towards Ecological improvements. The EMP is an important input to monitoring the clearance conditions and therefore details of monitoring should be included in the EMP. An EIA report should provide clear information to the deciding committee on the different Ecological scenarios without the project, with the project and with project options. Unknown elements should be clearly reflected in the EIA report. The affected persons may include: Bona fide native natives; Native associations; Ecological groups active in the area and Any other person located at the project site(s) of disinterment They are to be given an opportunity to make oral/written suggestions to the State Pollution Control Board as per the rules and regulations given forth in the Notices. Monitoring the Clearance Conditions Monitoring should be done during both the construction and operations stages of a project. This is not only to ensure that the commitments made are complied with however also to observe whether the predictions made in the reports were correct or not. Where the Effect exceeds the predicted levels, corrective action should be taken. Monitoring will enable the regulatory agency to review the validity of predictions and the conditions of Execution of the Ecological Management Plan (EMP). Violations of Ecological Laws With reference to the Notice as given above, the following violations have taken site during the execution of the Bandra-Worli Sea Link Project 1. Mockery of a Public Hearing As per the notifications issued vide the Central Ministry of Nature and Forests (MoEF), dated 27th January 1994, 4th May 1994 and 10th April 1997, under the Nature Protection Act (EPA), Public Hearing was mandatory in development projects such as the one in question. The Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) is responsible for holding such Public Hearings. This public hearing is not a mere formality. The native population is often more conversant with the native implications of a project than Govt. agencies and experts exercising their judgement from outside. Besides, in attempting to get through a attractive project, the agencies are known to turn a blind, even to obnoxious and harmful implications, and the hearing in a public court gives an opportunity, though limited, to highlight such consequences. In addition, public participation is an extremely crucial component of democratic governance and has to be treated seriously, and respected nationwide. Above all, the affected population has a right to be informed about any project, which is likely to influence its quality of life and Living. 2. Incomplete Ecological Effect Analysis According to a further Notice, the Effect Assessing Agency should prepare a set of recommendations based on the technical analysis of documents and data furnished by the project authorities of the factories and sites if started and details of the public hearing. Also, the notice issued above, for obtaining Ecological Clearance of projects, the applicant has to obtain a NOC from the State Pollution Control Board. The MPCB should issue this NOC only after completing the legal proceedings. In the case being discussed, the public hearing was not held in regard to (BWSLP), nor was the relevant documents etc. made available for inspection to the IPT panel or other NGOs and concerned natives. Therefore the panel concludes that the report is incompletely furnished before the eyes of the law. 3. Project assessment Report not Available for inspection or fault finding As per clauses of Nature and Forests (MoEF), whoever applies for Ecological Clearance of projects has to submit 20 sets of a summary of the salient features of the project and other relevant documents as prescribed, by the State Pollution Control Board so that the same can be made accessible to the concerned committee or agency in case a public hearing is conducted. The Mumbai city Ecological Action Group (BEAG) approached the MoEF for an opportunity to raise objections with regard to this project. MoEF agreed to give them the opportunity to justify their claims for rejection of the project. However, no particulars, maps, designs, layouts or other information was furnished to the BEAG. These factors prove that from the very beginning there has been a lack of transparency in the passing and Execution of the project before the eyes of law. 4. Proved negligence and Violations Due to Reclamation In the case of Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, The State of Maharashtra and the MMRDA gave a statement that no reclamation would be carried out in the Kurla Complex area and no mangrove in the Mithi Water body and its estuary would be disposed off. There has been a apparent dis-obeyance of the terms and the conditions of the Ecological clearance notifies that land reclamation should be kept to the minimum, at any cost to less than 4.7 hectares and the same should be monitored closely so that it does not violate the clauses of the CRZ Notice, 1991 or as amended subsequently. Mrs. Geeta Pardiwala a native of Shivaji Park deposed before the IPT saying that initially we were told that there would be only two pillars on the sea link, one at Bandra and the other at Worli. However now they are reclaiming more land, as it becomes cheaper for them to build the bridge. According to the 1994 Notice, any expansion of all existing or new projects requires that not only a fresh Ecological Effect Analysis is carried out however also fresh permission for the said project is sought and granted. This has definitely not been adhered to in the case of the Bandra-Worli Sea Link. The present project is based on the 1992 MMRDA report; however there are a number of contradictions to the original recommendations. The Ecological Effect Section has recommendations by scientist C. V. Kulkarni that no further reclamation be allowed on the Bandra side, to prevent siltation in the Mahim bay and the creek area. In project such as mentioned above, in case new quarries are to be opened, specific approvals from the competent authority should be obtained in this regard. This has been violated by the Mumbai city Suburban Collector who has issued the quarrying Permit. The quarry on site falls under a no development zone, Notified in development control regulation for Greater Mumbai city, 1991. Wherever fishing or other marine activities are getting affected, the concerned agency should be consulted and their concurrence obtained for the project in question. The fishermen affected by the project in question were neither consulted nor was their consent obtained. Mumbai city is geographically positioned to play host to creeks and shallow waters opposite headlands. In most of the areas, these creeks have been blocked. Mahim Creek is one of the few sites left where the waves can partially enter the area. However, the Effect on the marine ecology, flora and fauna, and the possibility of initiating erosion has not been studied. With Mahim creek getting shallower because of the process of siltation, there is a greater danger for coast like the Versova beach. The erosion here become a geological hazard, and has assumed alarming probabilities. The road network in Mumbai city is based on three north-south corridor routes and there are very few continuous east-west routes. Therefore, Movement of Vehicles is concentrated on a few routes that have become congested. Mumbai city road Movement of Vehicles has worsened by around four hundred percent in the last twenty years. It poses considerable health issues. The W. S. Atkins Report (1994) was commissioned by the MSRDC to research the feasibility of the Bandra-Worli Sea Link. The result of the report is based on a strategic transportation computer model based on cost and time of travel and calibrated for Mumbai city. Undesirability of the Project a) Effect due to Blockage of Mithi Water body The most insidious aspect of the link, that will endanger the life of every native person, is related to the outbreak of epidemics. Almost 800 million litres of sewage is discarded everyday in the Mahim Creek, besides the thousands of industries that release effluents that are located in Dharavi and upstream of the Mithi Water body. b) Financial Viability and Absence of Realistic Projections of Cost Recovery The generalized cost of travel for the Bandra-Worli Sea Link is taken as the sum of travel time cost, direct cost of travel and cost of discomfort. By considering only internal and direct costs borne by motorists, the project planners have not considered external and opportunity costs of the project c) Issues with the Planning and Execution of the Project It is not possible to accurately predict the behaviour of the sea using a research based on models. Also the date used is outdated and the subsequent development i.e. the EPA of 1986 and the CRZ Regulation of 1991 have not been considered. Further, the CWPRS report goes on to say that the construction of the bridge is not likely to create any adverse condition along the costs. However as we have seen, this is definitely not correct, and among other thing with regards to Livings, floods and mangroves the negative Effect is already being experienced Most experts agree that Socio-economic and financial instruments can help achieve sustainable development. Issues relating to transportation are so complexly mixed with other issues, such as agricultural land use and demographic and cultural trends that only a coherent set of policy measures will work. Obviously, policy recommendations must be made on a case-by case basis; however some generalized approaches can be suggested. Transportation policy strategies should consist of Socio-economic, institutional, technological, information and land-use reforms. A balanced strategy should set standards that can be used to achieve full-cost recovery, inform consumers, provide options for them and integrate social and urban planning. Conclusions It is understood from the above discussed report that not one, but several aspects of the Ecological Regulations of the country have been violated in the proceedings of this project. The project as is planned will only seek to eliminate the issue of vehicular pollution and Movement of Vehicles especially in the Worli-Haji Ali Area which is already severely congested due to lack of space. The most annoying part of the project is that in depth research using current data have not been used to estimate the Ecological Effect of the project on the sites coastline, mangrove forests and marine ecology, which till date remains a major flaw in the plan. Lastly as there has been no survey started to elicit how much the natives are willing to pay for the use of the bridge it should not end up being another white Elephant to the States exchequer.

Miss Ever’s Boys Film critique Essay

Miss Ever’s Boys is a docudrama film that was produced by the HBO cable network. The movie explores ethical and social issues involved in the infamous Tuskegee Study. The study was about untreated black men with syphilis. The U.S. Public Health Service is said to have conducted a study among 600 black Americans from the years 1932 to 1972. This study was done in Macon County. This paper will exclusively explore the critique the Miss Ever’s Boys film using ethical frameworks. The ethical framework includes beneficence, justice, and respect for persons, duty-based ethics, virtue-based ethics, and the right’s-based ethics. The paper will identify how the above listed ethical principles were or were not portrayed in the film. Analysis of the ethical frameworks The concept of beneficence states that the welfare of the participants should be every researcher’s goal of any clinical trial. The movie â€Å"Miss Ever’s Boys†, the U.S. Public Health Service did not mind the welfare of the participants. To start with, this study was to study a sexually transmitted disease called syphilis but not to provide its cure. Before involving anyone in this study, the U.S. Public Health Service should have sought people consent with full explanation of the study to the participants. If U.S. Public Health Service minded the welfare of the people at all, they could have explained the study to the participants in order for them to choose whether they will be involved or not. However since they knew the consequences of the study, the U.S. Public Health Service was afraid that the people will not participate since the study was not offering any cure at all. This is against the bioethics of medical practice that requires the beneficence concept to be respected in any clinical research. So basically, it will be right to say that beneficence ethical principle was not met in this film (Stripling, 2005). The concept of justice in research ethics requires that researchers need to make a fair selection of participants. Therefore, there should be an ideal distribution of benefits and risks and benefits while conducting a clinical research. In the movie, â€Å"Miss Ever’s Boys†, only blacks were included in the study. The study recruited 600 black men and none white person. To start with, this was discrimination of the highest order. This means that only the black men were at the risk of dying, considering that they treated them with placebos. This means that only the black men’s lives were endangered while the bioethics requires that the risk to be distributed equally (B. Miss Evers Boys and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 2013). Respect for persons means that people have a right to fully exercise their autonomy. Here, people need to be given a chance to make their own choices. In the film, Miss Ever’s Boys, it is clear that the participants were not respected at all. The first show of disrespect was when the U.S. Public Health Service decided to conduct a study and lie to the participants that they were going to offer them cure to syphilis. The second disrespect shown was the discrimination in the study where only the blacks were selected. Lastly, the U.S. Public Health Service disrespected the participants knowing that it was dangerous. Therefore, the respect for person ethical principle was not meet in the movie â€Å"Miss Ever’s Boys†. Duty-based ethics are based on duty or obligation. Kant argues that there are higher principles that are good in no matter the time, situation, or culture. Therefore, when faced with an ethical dilemma, it’s important to know that we have a duty to meet. In this movie, the U.S. Public Health Service was faced with a situation which was the rising prevalence of people suffering from syphilis. However, the U.S. Public Health Service had an obligation to meet which was to find the cure of the disease without necessarily having to put people through so much pain for 40 years. One thing that was very sad was the fact that even after discovering that penicillin could cure syphilis; the U.S. Public Health Service did not give the sick black men. This led to the death of 160 people (B. Miss Evers Boys and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 2013). Virtue-based ethics helps us in deciding the necessary actions to take depending on the kind of person we want to be. Here, the recognition of human dignity is very important. All humans have a right which is either positive or negative. The positive right means are those given to human beings while the negative rights are those human beings have and cannot be taken away from them. Human dignity was not considered in the movie â€Å"Miss Ever’s Boys†. The black men had a positive right which was respect of their lives. This positive right was taken away from them by the U.S. Public Health Service (Houser, 2012). It will be right to, therefore, say that the virtue-based ethics principle was not met in this movie. Summary

Mental Health and Anxiety - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 866 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/04/01 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Anxiety Essay Did you like this example? Mental Health is too often ignored not only in the general population but especially during the transitional periods of adolescents and young adulthood. Anxiety, despite its usefulness in assessing threats can become a chronic, maladaptive illness when not addressed in time. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (2017), approximately 32% of youth ages 13-18 met criteria for a clinical anxiety disorder. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Mental Health and Anxiety" essay for you Create order A review of publications exploring etiological factors placed a greater emphasis on environmental factors than biological ones as main causes for the development of chronic anxiety in adolescents and young adults (Beesdo, Knappe, Pine, 2012). Although anxiety disorders have been known to be managed through evidence-based practices, for those youth who do not receive treatment, the long-term effects impair the youths personal wellbeing and their ability to interact with others. Anxiety is a natural response the body takes on when in distress. This natural response helps protect us from harm, helps us perform when faced with a challenge, and can help shift perspectives. Be that as it may, anxiety when prolonged and in excessive amounts becomes a mental health illness. The clinical diagnosis for anxiety disorders share the common feature of excessive and unreasonable fear. This exorbitant amount of fear creates avoidance behaviors, negative cognitive ideation and perceived cardiac arrest. Even with physiological symptoms many young adults and adolescents refuse treatment due to the stigma revolving mental health, worsening their already severe symptoms. Demographics The rate of anxiety in youth is equivalent to the national average of 31% in adults, meaning that despite the knowledge, youth are not seeking or receiving treatment (National Institute of Mental Health, 2017). Within the U.S., studies have found a higher prevalence of anxiety disorders with individuals identified as White American than African American, Asian Americans and Hispanic Americans (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). According to the American Psychiatric Association, (2013) anxiety disorders are more frequently diagnosed in females than in males (approximately 60% of those presenting with the illness are females). Aside from binary genders, low socio-economic status was correlated with higher levels of anxiety disorder diagnosis (Vine, 2012). Theories of Etiology Similar to other mental health illnesses, there is no one root cause to anxiety disorders however, there are several environmental factors, trauma, and biological predispositions that help explain the prevalence of anxiety in adolescents. One of the more prominent theories associated with anxiety is Cognitive Behavioral Theory. Cognitive Behavioral Theory as it relates to anxiety states that the individuals catastrophizing thoughts impede them in engaging in positive interactions with others out of fear, and thus creating avoidance behaviors (Beesdo, Knappe, Pine, 2012). Banduras Social Learning Theory as it relates to anxiety affirms that the overwhelming response to fear is a learned behavior (Beesdo, Knappe, Pine, 2012). Effects on youth Similar to other mental health illnesses, there is no one root cause to anxiety disorders however, there are several environmental factors, trauma, and biological predispositions that help explain the prevalence of anxiety in adolescents. One of the more prominent theories associated with anxiety is Cognitive Behavioral Theory. Cognitive Behavioral Theory as it relates to anxiety states that the individuals catastrophizing thoughts impede them in engaging in positive interactions with others out of fear, and thus creating avoidance behaviors (Beesdo, Knappe, Pine, 2012). Banduras Social Learning Theory as it relates to anxiety affirms that the overwhelming response to fear is a learned behavior (Beesdo, Knappe, Pine, 2012).There are various effects of clinical anxiety on adolescents, some of the most common include: low self-esteem, failing grades, dropping out of school, petty crimes, substance use, behavioral problems and avoidance of social interactions (Beesdo, Knappe, Pine, 2 012). Aside from external effects there are various developmental factors that occur across adolescents. For example, specific phobias begin to develop, school anxiety, rejection from peers, and at extremes panic attacks (Beesdo, Knappe, Pine, 2012). Over time, chronic anxiety impacts an adolescents immune system, enables weight gain, and deteriorates the prefrontal cortex which is responsible for planning, personality, and the ability to make decisions (Beesdo, Knappe, Pine, 2012). Family Dynamics Clinical studies link family interactions and the development of anxiety disorders among adolescents. The most common family interactions associated with anxiety include: lack of self-involvement in childrens lives, lack of appropriate boundaries, intergenerational conflicts, absence of a family member (distance, death, illness, abandonment), and parental control (Bettis, Forehand, Sterba, Preacher, Compas, 2018). Many caregivers want their adolescent child to be fixed without realizing the development of the anxiety occurred due to the family dynamics. Studies suggest that across race, ethnicity, and cultures the most critical component of the development of most anxiety disorders is correlated with family interactions. Parental control as it relates to anxiety describes a parent who constantly places demands on adolescents. The constant responsibility and obligations create a push pull relationship with the youth resisting the demands yet creating anxiety due to the perceived sense of failure. Additionally, caregivers who deny or minimize the loss of a family member tend to manifest unresolved grief which was a common theme in the development of anxiety in adolescents (Bettis et al., 2018). The inability to process grief or loss creates feelings of worry in an adolescent, resulting in them being on edge about who will be the next person to leave.

Argumentative Essay About Same Sex Marriage - 822 Words

This Argumentative essay will discuss about the argument of same sex marriage. The contents are: meaning, brief background and thesis statement for the Introduction; for the Body of the discussion is the counter argument; and for the conclusion part: the summary and the restatement of the thesis statement. Same Sex Marriage also known as gay marriage or equal marriage it is marriage between two persons of the same biological sex or gender identity. In the 20th and 21st centuries various types of same-sex unions have come to be legalized. Same-sex marriage is currently legal in eight European countries: Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden; Luxembourg, Finland, France and the United†¦show more content†¦We made by God to glorify Him and to do of His will not to do what we wanted because more of the time what we wanted are not suppose to do. Also, the Pro says that they have the right to be married. Yes, it is right that marriage is a personal choice but it does not mean that you are able to be married with your same sex and not considering the laws of God about marriage because it is the Sacraments of Matrimony so it is sacred and Holy. The next one is they have said that it is a discrimination part to them if it will not be allowed bu t not legalizing the same sex marriage proposal does not mean gays and lesbian are being discriminated it is just their decision is not acceptable with God and also in the Christian country like Philippines that’s why same sex marriage in the Philippines cannot be approved or be legalized in our country. In addition, there are four other reasons why it should not be legalized in the Philippines. First, because Gay/Lesbian marriage violates traditions; Secondly, Gay/Lesbian couples cant produce children; thirdly, having a mom and a dad is better for children than having two moms or two dads and the last one is homosexual behavior is immoral and should not be encouraged. Same Sex Marriage is marriages compose of either same man or same woman. There are threeShow MoreRelatedShould Gays Be Allowed to Marry1476 Words   |  6 PagesSeptember 3, 2012 Argumentative Essay on Gay Marriage Marriage: a legally recognized relationship, established by civil or religious ceremony, between two people who intend to live together as sexual and domestic partners. Typically this is between a man and a woman, in love, as they come before their families, to pledge to spend the rest of their lives together. As times continue to evolve around the world so has the idea and laws concerning marriage. 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